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發表於 2018-7-6 15:14:26
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Kelenken
It is one of the largest Carnivorous birds. Using the massive beak, it inflicts fatal damage to its prey. It has the largest skull of any known bird.
Height - 7 to 10 feet
Weight - 300 to 500 lbs
(Human - 6 feet tall)
Deinotheriidae
From left to right : Deinotherium Thraceiensis, Deinotherium Giganteum, Deinotherium Proavum, Deinotherium Bozasi, Deinotherium Indicum, Prodeinotherium Bavaricum and Chilgatherium Harrisi.
Deinotheriidae ("Terrible Beasts") is a family of prehistoric elephant-like proboscideans.
In life, they probably resembled modern elephants, except that their trunk was shorter.Their most distinctive feature was the downward curving tusks on the lower jaw. Deinotheres were not very diverse,there are only three known genera: Chilgatherium,Prodeinotherium and Deinotherium.The body shape and proportions of deinotheres were very much like those of modern elephants.The legs were long,like modern elephants,but the skull was rather flatter than that of true elephants.
The oldest known deinothere is Chilgatherium which was quite small.These modest-sized proboscideans were later replaced by much larger forms like Deinotherium Thraceiensis.In Europe, Prodeinotherium bavaricum appeared and was soon replaced by the bigger species Deinotherium which is Deinotherium giganteum.Deinotheres had grown to the size from small elephants to the size of some Mammoths.Prodeinotherium appeared in Asia and was later replaced by Deinotherium Indicum.Prodeinotherium which also appeared in Africa was succeeded by Deinotherium bozasi.Deinotherium indicum died out about 7 million years ago, possibly driven to extinction by the same process of climate change that had previously eliminated the even more enormous Paraceratherium.
After the extinction of the Indricotheres,the Deinotheres were the largest animals walking the Earth.They had become the largest land animals of their time.The last deinothere species to become extinct was Deinotherium bozasi.
Mammuthu
South African Mammoth, ???? African Mammoth, ??????? Mammoth, Cretan Dwarf Mammoth, Southern Mammoth, Sardinian Dwarf Mammoth, Steppe mammoth, Columbian Mammoth, Pygmy Mammoth and the legendary Woolly Mammoth.
1. South African Mammoth (Mammuthus Subplanifrons)
2. ???? African Mammoth (Mammuthus Africanavus)
3. ??????? Mammoth ( Mammuthus Rumanus)
4. Cretan Dwarf mammoth (Mammuthus Creticus)
5. Southern Mammoth (Mammuthus Meridionalis)
6. Sardinian Dwarf Mammoth (Mammuthus Lamarmorae)
7. Steppe Mammoth (Mammuthus Trogontherii)
8. Columbian Mammoth (Mammuthus Columbi)
9. Pygmy Mammoth (Mammuthus Exilis)
10. Woolly mammoth (Mammuthus Primigenius)
(Note:The idea that species such as mammuthus imperator (imperial mammoth) and mammuthus jeffersoni (jefferson's mammoth) were either more primitive or advanced stages in Columbian mammoth evolution was largely dismissed, and they were regarded as synonyms. In spite of these conclusions, Dr. Larry Agenbroad cautioned that American mammoth taxonomy is not yet fully resolved.)
Most of the mammoths in this image are based on the skeletal reconstruction by Asier Larramendi.
Larramendi, A. 201X. Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans. Acta. Palaeontologica Polonica XX (X): xxx–xxx. dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.00136.2…
(A mammoth is any species of the extinct genus Mammuthus, proboscideans commonly equipped with long, curved tusks and, in northern species, a covering of long hair. There were atleast 10 species. They lived from the Pliocene epoch (from around 5 million years ago) into the Holocene at about 4,500 years ago in Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. They were members of the family Elephantidae,which also contains the two genera of modern elephants and their ancestors.
The first known members of the genus Mammuthus are the African species M. subplanifrons from the Pliocene and M. africanavus from the Pleistocene. The former is thought to be the ancestor of later forms. Mammuthus africanavus is among the oldest of mammoth species, having first appeared around 3 million years ago during the late Pliocene. It was relatively small and is seen as the direct ancestor of M. meriodionalis. Mammoths entered Europe around 3 million years ago; the earliest known type has been named M. rumanus, which spread across Europe and China. Only its molars are known, which show it had 8–10 enamel ridges. A population evolved 12–14 ridges and split off from and replaced the earlier type, becoming M. meridionalis. In turn, this species was replaced by the steppe mammoth, M. trogontherii, with 18–20 ridges, which evolved in East Asia around 1 million years ago. Mammoths derived from M. trogontherii evolved molars with 26 ridges 200,000 years ago in Siberia, and became the woolly mammoth, M. primigenius.The Columbian mammoth, M. columbi, evolved from a population of M. trogontherii that had entered North America.
Dwarf forms also occurred. The Columbian mammoth, M. columbi produced a separate, isolated population at the end of the Pleistocene. One of these isolated groups was formed on the Channel Islands of California about 40,000 years ago, forming a new species, the pygmy mammoth, M.exilis. The Cretan dwarf mammoth,M.creticus was endemic to the island of Crete 800,000-400,000 years ago. The Sardinian dwarf mammoth lived during the late Middle and Upper Pleistocene (between 450,000 to perhaps 40,000 years) on the island of Sardinia. The small size of Sardinian dwarf mammoth, M. lamarmorai is due to a process of insular dwarfism, which occurred when its original large ancestors reached Sardinia and due to lower food supply and lack of potential predators they reduced their size.
The largest mammoth species is the steppe mammoth which stood about 4 m (13 ft) - 4.5m (15 ft) and weighed about 10.5 - 14.3 tonnes.The smallest mammoth that ever existed is Cretan dwarf mammoth which stood only about 0.9m (3.2 ft) and weighed as much as 180 kg.The woolly mammoth was the last species of the genus. Most populations of the woolly mammoth in North America and Eurasia, as well as all the columbian mammoths in North America, died out around the time of the last glacial retreat, as part of a mass extinction of megafauna in northern Eurasia and the Americas. However, the dwarf mammoths of Wrangel Island became extinct only around 1700 to 1500 BC.)
[GoogleDrive]1YPHLrlpEK-2lD5YRL4oAWImiAwTzAtuN[/GoogleDrive]
Size comparison of dinosaurs _ Ep_2 - Giant Sauropods
補充內容 (2018-7-22 22:35):
Deinotheriidae原圖(放大圖片)
補充內容 (2018-7-22 22:37):
Mammuthu原圖(放大圖片) |
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